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"The strongest morbidity effects are seen among those with the least education," Case said.
Combining Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and time weighted exposure models, with established concentration-response functions and monetary valuation methods, mortality and morbidity effects of outdoor PM on the population of Singapore under different building, ventilation and filtration strategies were estimated.
Direct valuation of air quality has as a drawback; that estimated willingness to pay figures cannot be apportioned to the several environmental goods affected by air quality, such as mortality and morbidity effects, visibility, outdoor recreation, among others.
Applying these methods to air toxics requires estimates of the mortality and morbidity effects.
Until recently, little research and data have been available on morbidity effects from hyperthermia.
Despite differences in the concept of 'health' underlying adjustments for morbidity using the QALY or the DALY, these do include both mortality and morbidity effects.
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If NS carried its own mortality and morbidity effect, then the studies using NS in the crystalloid arm might not reflect actual colloid versus crystalloid difference in mortality and morbidity.
Details of the sensitivity analyses examining alternative mortality and morbidity effect estimates are available from the authors.
The broad patterns seen for mortality across the different modeling choices are largely mirrored for the morbidity effect estimates as well, though for some health outcomes the numbers of cases are much larger, for example, in the hundreds of thousands or millions for minor restricted activity days (see Supplemental Material, Tables S3 S7).
Changing temperatures may affect premature mortality and morbidity through effects on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, or various indirect effects (e.g. drought-related increase pollutant-concentrations, dehydration).
This, however, has caused much more morbidity, with effects possibly extending into adulthood and placing a heavy burden on patients and parents, as well as on healthcare [ 3- 5].
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