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It's a rigorously rational, empirical book, rooted in this cognitive scientist's conviction that our behavior has evolved, biologically into our flawed history as a moral species.
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In confronting similarity and difference, we are forced to set the limits of our species' moral reach.
The notion has been variously formulated in terms of the interests, rights, and personhood of humans and animals and in terms of the supposed moral relevance of species membership.
I remember writing a poem in my early 20s with the hilariously juvenile title of "Hell's Supermarket", a shopping-list of our species' moral crimes and self-inflicted catastrophes, in which the first letter of each line oh-so-cleverly spelled out that mantra: "Life is a bad joke".
Even a realist, then, will grant a significant degree of cross-species moral relativism (or counterfactual moral relativism for deeply different courses of human evolution).
Those implications are avoided by accounts that ground full moral status in our species membership—in the nature of the species or in our biological relationships to other members.
A style as complex and lucid as this constitutes a species of moral achievement.
Frans de Waal, a primatologist at Emory University, has written extensively about the existence of seemingly moral behavior in nonhuman species.
Mohandas K. Gandhi and the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. appealed to the moral conscience of our species, demonstrating that change was possible without aggressive force, and reminding us all that the reason not to kill is that killing is wrong.
From the evidence of Babylon and his previous, brilliant The Clay Machine-Gun, the one thing that Pelevin takes seriously is Buddhism: this anchors his fiery imagination, giving it a species of moral authority.
The first approach deems moral consideration to track species membership.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com