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And this, incidentally, is the least of it: I would include all animals in this domain, as "moral patients" although they are not moral agents - that is, as worthy of moral regard.
The moral patients are the laboratory animals, both breeding stock held by the animal supplier, and experimental animals in laboratories.
It is plausible to suppose that the fundamental or basic justification of why we have natural duties is the intrinsic nature of persons, i.e., the intrinsic nature of those to whom the duties are owed (moral patients).
This ethical matrix provides a framework upon which to identify and explore issues raised by the moral imperative to seek a fair compromise between the differing needs of different interest groups, which includes both the moral agents and the moral patients.
Similar(56)
It is enough that we have reason to regard a group as an object of moral concern; a group does not have to be a moral agent to be a moral patient.
The fundamental explanation of why I have an obligation to remind you that you have given up alcohol for Lent is not that you have the requisite features to qualify as a moral patient in conjunction with the nature of the action of reminding persons when they have given up alcohol as part of a religious commitment.
However, the fundamental or basic justification for my having that duty is the nature of the person to whom the duty is owed – she is rational, or sentient, or [substitute your preferred characterization of a moral patient] – and her nature is sufficient to ground the duty.
Gray et al. [ 43] suggest that, "moral action in healthcare involves three elements: the moral agent, the moral action, and the moral patient.
In this study, the moral agent is the worker, the action is the imposition of a CTO (legal and clinical processes), and the moral patient is the patient subject to a CTO.
We describe what might be gained by this shift in assumptions and how it can make visible what is at stake for clinician and patient in their local moral worlds for patients, acknowledgment of social suffering, for clinicians how assumptions are a barrier to engagement with minority patients.
However, in order to avoid moral hazard, patients were required to make copayments when they received outpatient or inpatient care, dental care, emergency care, or Chinese medicine services.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com