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Consider John Mackie's moral error theory.
If someone presents an argument designed to support a moral error theory then we know what to expect.
To deny both noncognitivism and the moral error theory suffices to make one a minimal moral realist.
(Arguments for the moral error theory need not take this form; one might, for example, simply discover that X is empirically false).
It is important to remember, however, that Mackie's are not the only, nor necessarily the strongest, considerations in favor of the moral error theory.
But in fact what the error theorist decides to do with the erroneous moral language is a matter logically independent of the truth of the moral error theory.
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For a book-length treatment of moral error-theory, see Olson 2014.
In denying the existence of moral properties, Mackie rejects moral realism, combining a cognitivist moral semantics with an error theory.
Many have argued, for instance, that the influence of culture on our moral beliefs is evidence not of error theory but of moral relativism: the idea that the moral truth, for any given people, is determined by their culture — the set of shared practices and beliefs that they ascribe to.
Appealing to the intrinsic "queerness" of moral properties as contrasted with natural ones, some theorists, notably the Australian-born philosopher J.L. Mackie, have denied their existence altogether, propounding an error theory of moral discourse.
This trivially entails that whenever there is a moral difference there must be some non-moral difference for the simple reason that there never can be any moral differences between cases given the error theory.
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