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Monolithic kernel is one of the prevalent configurations out of various kernel design models.
Rather than have one monolithic kernel with lots and lots of functionality built in, UNIX had a very small kernel with a strong complement of little helper utilities.
While monolithic kernel excels in performance and management, they are unequipped for runtime system update; and this brings the need for kernel extension.
Another upshot of this design mentality is that fixing bugs is easier: rather than working through a complex monolithic kernel and worrying about complex regression testing, one could focus on a single, small binary application.
FreeBSD has a monolithic kernel, with modular design.
You can make your kernel a monolithic kernel, a microkernel, or a hybrid kernel.
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DragonFly's kernel is a hybrid, containing features of both monolithic and microkernels, such as the message passing capability of microkernels enabling larger portions of the OS to benefit from protected memory, as well as retaining the speed of monolithic kernels for certain critical tasks.
There are monolithic kernels and micro kernels.
In general, monolithic kernels are faster, but microkernels have better fault isolation and reliability.
Monolithic kernels implement all the services in the kernel, while microkernels have a small kernel combined with user daemons implementing services.
Monolithic kernels can be better because of speed and simplicity, but you might choose to make a microkernel because of security or a hybrid kernel for combined speed and security, even if it's a more complex design.
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