Critically, our participants were all monolingual and tested in their own countries using closely matched experimental stimuli, tasks and protocols.
All our participants were monolingual and tested in their own countries using closely matched experimental stimuli, tasks and protocols.
Following previous research, we hypothesized that bilingual children would obtain lower scores than monolinguals in standardized test performance on all three measures.
Bilingual children obtained lower scores than did monolingual children on standardized tests for vocabulary (PPVT-III), F (1, 44) = 11.35, p =.002; morphology (Wug test), F (1, 44) = 9.30, p =.003; and syntax (formulated sentences task), F (1, 41) = 8.91, p <.0001.
Middle-class children outperformed working-class children on all measures, and bilingual children obtained lower scores than monolingual children on language tests but higher scores than monolingual children on the executive functioning tasks.
Only in the 1960s did bilingualism acquire a positive status, when Peal and Lambert's work (1962) indicated that Canadian bilingual children had a better performance than monolingual ones, especially on tests requiring symbol manipulation and reorganization.
Since in some monolingual EFL countries, English tests—in particular, high-stakes examinations are often used to control students' English learning, it is imperative to confirm the extent to which test-takers accurately recognize what test developers intend to measure in tests.
A Japanese native speaker tested the monolingual children in Japanese.
The positive results on the clarity index were expected considering that OHIP-14 K has already undergone rigorous testing with monolingual Korean adults and five Korean dentists [ 15] despite its cultural equivalency never being fully established.
To address this question, it is important to compare bilingual and monolingual brain activation when bilinguals are tested in only one of their languages because switching between languages can induce additional processing requirements (Grosjean 1998, 2001).
