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Despite their high level of attenuation in monkeys, the chimeras induced a moderate-to-high titer of neutralizing antibodies and prevented viremia in monkeys challenged with WN.
Historically, HIV vaccines specifically designed to raise cellular immunity resulted in protection from disease progression but not infection when tested in monkeys challenged with a single high virus exposure.
And Anthony Fauci, who heads NIAID, says that the chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine may work well enough without the extra boost, noting that a single injection protected 100% of monkeys challenged with Ebola virus at 5 weeks.
This level was within the range of ones measured in cynomolgus monkeys challenged with LD200 doses of anthrax spores, in which PA levels increased from 1.3 ± 2.3 ng/mL at 30 h to 178.3 ± 37.4 ng/mL at 72 h [4].
Interestingly, monkeys challenged with "late" SHIV-1157ipd3N4 had much higher neutralization titers against the early form, SHIV-1157ipEL-p, than the autologous late SHIV-1157ipd3N4.
While this protection has most often been demonstrated in monkeys challenged with homologous virus (a SIV strain that matches the vaccine insert), an HIV vaccine will need to protect against the wide diversity of circulating clades of HIV.
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Passive immunization with synergistic combinations of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against conserved epitopes of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope completely protected 13 out of 16 rhesus monkeys challenged intravenously or orally with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) strains; partial protection was seen in another two.
When vaccinated monkeys were challenged with DEN-2 Tongall4, all monkeys were protected, as indicated by the lack of viremia (Table 4).
A random challenge order was used for monkeys from different groups, with the exception that the first and last monkeys challenged were from the Control group.
Following three vaccinations, the monkeys were challenged with 50,000 FCH/4 or 10,000 FVO parasites.
Three groups of six monkeys were challenged with FCH/4 strain parasites; the groups designated as PBS+ISAFCH/4, AMA+ISAFCH/4 and AMA+AS02A-FCH/4.
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