Each library was screened (approximately 200 colonies) using the criterion of rate of formation of NADH from NAD+, by monitoring the increase in A340.
Reactions were stopped with cold PBS and live, single, CD11c+MHCII+ cells were analyzed by flow cytometry by monitoring the increase in 450 nm fluorescence resulting from CCF4 cleavage and loss of 535 nm emission fluorescence.
kcat and Km values of the wild-type and variant enzymes were determined by measuring the reaction rate at 25 °C, by monitoring the increase in A340 (ε = 6,220 M−1 cm−1).
This can be achieved by monitoring the increase of the internal resistance of the battery cells over the whole lifetime of the battery.
Sensitive quantitative detection of DIF was carried out by monitoring the increase of charge transfer resistance (Rct) by increasing the DIF concentration.
The enzyme activity was measured by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 470 nm during polymerization of guaiacol into tetraguaiacol.
Biofilms dispersion treated with CNC (or control, CNC + PBS) was measured by directly monitoring the increase of fluorescence of planktonic cells of S. typhimurium 14028 pGFP-ON.
The Udh activity was determined photometrically by monitoring the increase of NADH at 340 nm with a Multiskan spectrum spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
The native PHS and PHS nanogel activity was determined spectrophotometrically by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 420 nm of a reaction mixture containing 0.5 mM ABTS in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) and a suitable amount of enzyme at 25 °C [45].
In parallel, to validate the staining approach, detachment of cells from biofilms was also measured by directly monitoring the increase of fluorescence of planktonic cells of S. Typhimurium 14028 pGFP-ON using Victor-2 multimode plate reader with a 485 nm/535 nm excitation/emission filter (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA).
Ubiquitination activity is assessed by monitoring the increase in molecular weight of the ubiquitinated proteins, using tag-directed antibodies.
