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We then discuss issues related to implementation and show how recent technological developments around biometric identification can facilitate the monitoring of conditionalities related to participation in job-search and training activities.
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It was "tragically comic" that India and Pakistan, after "bleeding their economies" to pay for arms, "beg and submit to all sorts of conditionalities from international lending institutions".
Several of the OECD programs use this type of conditionalities on employers (see Banerji and Robalino 2009).
They all involve different combinations of job-search monitoring, benefit conditionality and referral to ALMPs.
Greater monitoring of standards.
New technologies such as smart cards with biometric identification can be used to monitor these conditionalities.
The potential effects of conditionality, such as financial and administrative costs for monitoring compliance with the conditions, or that their use may unfairly penalise families who cannot comply with the conditions for reasons beyond their control (WHO. 2012; UNICEF 2016).
Forget "light" forms of conditionality.
But it was the wrong sort of conditionality.
Again, a mixture of conditionality and in-work support is needed to make reform effective.
If politics in the periphery turns sour, that sort of conditionality could prove impossible to enforce.
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