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The idiosyncratic realization of the output state is private information to the entrepreneur and can only be verified (and enforced) by banks at a unit monitoring cost of external finance, (c_F).
Hence the RS + P approach resulted in an average monitoring cost of USD 4/ha due to reduction in field sampling intensity for the year 2009 and avoiding sampling for the year the 2012 by using CPA based biomass model.
A cost of ranibizumab of £742.17 per injection, an assessment cost of £255.00 and a monitoring cost of £60.00 was used.
The total cost related to each treatment reflects the cost of drugs, the cost of disposables utilized in drug delivery, the monitoring cost of infusion, other hospital-related expenses, the management of adverse events, patient productivity loss, and patient traveling cost (Tables 1 and 2).
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In CSV models monitoring costs of the banking sector are represented by a convex-cost function.
Compared to other cost items, monitoring costs of REDD projects are rather low on a per square kilometre basis.
Other official monitoring costs that are not fully passed on to the PPP authorisation holder or PPP users in the form of fees and are instead tax-funded (e.g., the portion of costs for official authorisation procedures that are not refinanced, consultancy, and monitoring costs of the plant protection services of the Federal States, costs of PPP-specific research by public research institutions).
For the purpose of this analysis we differentiate between readiness costs, opportunity costs and implementation costs apart from monitoring costs, the focus of this paper.
It also eliminates the enormous cost and waste associated with complying with or avoiding the corporate income tax (there would be some start-up and monitoring costs, of course, but nothing like what current enforcement requires).
This increases the monitoring costs of the banks, which they pass along to the firm.
They range in price from $100 to about $400, with monitoring costs of up to $80 per month.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com