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Previous research points to the double-edged consequences of monitoring and sanctioning schemes, as increased unemployment exit rates in the short-run tend to come at the cost of lower quality job matches and decreased employment stability in the long-run.
Our findings support this, and highlight the role of present local communities in monitoring and sanctioning human behavior in relation to forest resources.
The few studies considering employment quality find rather mixed effects, suggesting, however, that harsh monitoring and sanctioning schemes result in negative employment outcomes.
The small evidence available regarding the effect of monitoring and sanctioning suggests that youth respond positively to a sanction (threat of sanctioning) in terms of employment outcomes in the short-run, but they may also leave the labor force.
Studies for adult unemployed find that monitoring and sanctioning increase take-up of employment, but may also result in withdrawal from the labor market (see, e.g., Arni et al. 2013; van den Berg et al. 2013).
An irrigation system consists of both hard infrastructure mainly including pumping stations and irrigation canals, and soft infrastructure mainly including incentive mechanism, monitoring and sanctioning mechanism and social trust in community.
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It accounts for the essential fact that incomplete inspection and tracing increase the profitability of rule-breaking behavior, and that monitoring, tracing and sanctioning are costly.
A supervisor-of-sorts created by Benedict in 2010, the Financial Information Authority FIAA), lacks the legal powers and independence necessary to monitor and sanction these financial institutions, according to Moneyval.
Therefore, it is important to know whether all concerned unemployed workers are fully aware of this mandatory character and whether compliance with these obligations is monitored and sanctioned.
These principles are in stark contrast to the common view that monitoring and sanctions are the responsibility of the state and should be conducted by public employees".
They would amend the EU's treaties with two goals: to remove some political discretion in the first step towards subjecting national governments to tighter fiscal monitoring and sanctions; and to enshrine balanced-budget rules in national constitutions, with the European Court of Justice (ECJ) given powers to rule on whether they comply with European guidelines.
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