Pulse-derived oxygen saturation (SpO2) and transcutaneous carbon dioxide levels (TcpCO2) were continuously monitored with the Tosca 500 sensor (Radiometer, Copenhagen, DK) a combination heated (42°C) pulse oximeter and CO2 sensor attached to the right earlobe.
Calcium responses were monitored with fluorescence microscopy.
Patients had overnight home pulse oximetry monitoring with a transcutaneous fingertip sensor connected via cable to an OhmedaBiox 3700 pulse oximeter (Louisville, CO).
Tissue hypoxia was monitored by non-invasive transcutaneous spectroscopy (NIRS).
The fat flap is secured with transcutaneous stitches tied over small pieces of silicone.
A major problem with transcutaneous osseointegrated implants is infection, mainly due to improper closure of the implant skin interface.
This sequence is inverted with transcutaneous administrations and as such, pharmacokinetic algorithms may not fully apply in the case of transcutaneous delivery.
A critical limitation with transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation is the rapid onset of muscle fatigue.
Importantly, students experimenting with transcutaneous alcohol absorption should move on to more relevant activities.
Twelve healthy adult volunteers (6 men) with no previous experience with transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation (TEMS) participated.
