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The need to monitor vaccine effectiveness by effective surveillance programs and the increasing use of HPV assays in the field have stimuated the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop a structured Global Laboratory Network (WHO HPV LabNet).
Ongoing surveillance will then provide an opportunity to monitor vaccine effectiveness.
Direct detection and subsequent serotyping on clinical samples will improve the accuracy of pneumococcal surveillance to monitor vaccine effectiveness.
Prevalence estimates based on one or panels of PCR genotyping assay results have been used to assess HPV infection burdens and monitor vaccine effectiveness [ 11, 29].
Reliable systems should be further implemented to monitor vaccine effectiveness and safety [ 15 – 17 ], in order to build trust in influenza vaccines among HCW and the general population.
The increasing use of pneumococcal vaccines underscores the need for accurate diagnosis in order to define the burden of pneumococcal disease and monitor vaccine effectiveness.
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Limitations of the sentinel system for monitoring vaccine effectiveness have been described previously.
The potential impact on strain variation and carriage, as well as monitoring vaccine effectiveness, and rare but potentially serious adverse events are points that need to be included in a post-implementation surveillance plan.
Sentinel physicians are provided with kits for monitoring vaccine effectiveness to submit respiratory specimens (nasal or nasopharyngeal) for influenza testing accompanied by epidemiological information collected from eligible consenting patients.
A very low level of vaccination was found, for instance, in the multinational European study Influenza — Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness (I-MOVE), 14 which was a practitioner-based outpatient surveillance study conducted in seven countries.
In the first five I-MOVE (Influenza Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe) influenza seasons vaccine effectiveness (VE) results were relatively homogenous among participating study sites.
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