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A complete central composite 2³ factorial experimental design has been used to monitor the extraction characteristics, as affected by different variables, extraction time (ET), liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), and microwave power (MWP).
Surrogate standards were added to each sample to monitor the extraction performance and matrix effects.
In particular, ICs added to clinical samples are necessary to monitor the extraction, reverse transcription, and amplification steps in order to detect false-negative results resulting from PCR-inhibition or errors in the technical procedure.
The RSM was used to optimize extraction conditions and monitor the extraction characteristics.
Pristanic acid-d3 was then added to the serum to monitor the extraction efficiency of pristanic acid.
Second, both external surrogates and internal standards were spiked in all samples to monitor the extraction efficiency and check for instrument drift in sensitivity (SI).
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This study demonstrates the use of in-line Raman spectroscopy for monitoring the extraction of anethole and fenchone from fennel seed as a typical example.
For more fundamental insights of the mechanism of the barrier perturbation, additional methods to TEWL measurements were applied: (1) analysis of the SC lipids to monitor the lipid extraction [ 6, 8], (2) fluorescence microscopy to visualize the remaining lipophilic regions in the SC [ 8] and (3) electron microscopy with RuO4 post-fixation to visualize the lipid organization in the SC [ 18].
In future studies, the inclusion of dedicated extraction controls monitoring the DNA extraction efficiency should be considered to further increase the quality of the data.
The use of an external spike-in control oligonucleotide added at the phenolic extraction phase can be used to monitor the efficiency of extraction.
The PCR was run with five quality controls, including a 1) PCR positive control, 2) PCR negative control, 3) negative extraction controls, 4) internal positive control (IPC) spiked into the lysis solution to monitor the nucleic acid extraction efficiency and presence or absence of inhibitory substance and 5) an environmental contamination monitoring control.
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