What is more, the purpose of why we chose ASL combined with BOLD in monitoring renal damage was to help further identify whether the decrease of renal oxygenation was accounted for either the decrease of blood perfusion or the increase of oxygen consumption.
This finding suggests that the amount of this proteoglycan in urine, as well as proteinuria, could represent an early biomarker of renal impairment in Fabry's patients, useful in monitoring renal functionality also in those patients without overt renal damage.
Chronic bisphosphonate use is associated with renal damage (monitored with regular serum creatinine levels) and osteonecrosis of the mandible[ 85 88].
This group of patients emphasises the importance of monitoring for the risk of renal damage the longer patients are on tenofovir.
Those that had been on tenofovir for more than 4 years had raised serum creatinine levels, emphasising the importance of monitoring for the risk of renal damage for longer.
Owing to the potential for renal damage, careful monitoring of renal function is required before and during treatment with zoledronic acid [ 65].
In summary, this study demonstrates that ApoSense, once successfully radiolabeled with an imaging moiety, may provide a sensitive means for real-time diagnosis and/or monitoring of the extent of renal damage in ATN, utilizing selective targeting, binding, uptake, and accumulation within renal tubular apoptotic and/or necrotic cells.
General guidelines for minimizing the risk of significant renal damage in lithium-treated patients are: monitor serum creatinine and eGFR regularly during lithium treatment at intervals of every 6 months to 1 year; avoid episodes of lithium toxicity, keep mean lithium levels within the low therapeutic range when possible, and consider once-daily dosing.
These studies require novel diagnostic markers that identify early renal damage and renal congestion and allow monitoring of treatment responses in order to avoid severe worsening of renal function.
Given that therapeutic delay is thought to be associated with renal damage[ 92], the possibility that they may benefit from monitoring for recurrence remains open to question.
