Moreover, an electrocardiogram (ECG) was used to monitor the cardiac cycle.
After sternotomy, epicardial ultrasonic transducers (Imasonic SA, Besançon, France) were sutured to the anterior LV wall for continuous monitoring of wall thickness through the cardiac cycle.
The less-invasive pressure recording analytical method (PRAM) (Mostcare; Vytech Health srl, Padova, Italy) allows radial artery based monitoring of the CO, SV, SV variation, and cardiac cycle efficiency (CCE).
The less-invasive pressure recording analytical method (PRAM) (MostCare; Vytech Health srl, Padova, Italy) allows radial artery monitoring of CO, SV, SV variation, and cardiac cycle efficiency (CCE).
Another device is the Langham OBF system, which measures pulsatile OBF of choroidal perfusion by monitoring the rhythmic change of IOP during the cardiac cycle.
Cardiogenic impedance reflects the volumetric fluctuations within the heart during the cardiac cycle and has been used to monitor cardiac contraction in an animal model.
The arterial pressure was connected to a Pressure Record Analytical Method (PRAM) monitor to continuous measure the stroke volume index (SVI), cardiac cycle efficiency (CCE), and stroke volume variation (SVV) by pressure wave analysis.
In addition to ECG and PPG, phonocardiogram (PCG), the recording of the sounds and murmurs made by heart during a cardiac cycle, can be effectively employed to study and monitor the activities of heart.
Timing of each image frame with respect to the cardiac cycle was determined with simultaneous EKG recordings on the ultrasound system digital monitor.
Timing of each image frame with respect to the cardiac cycle is determined by simultaneous electrocardiography recording on the ultrasound system video monitor.
