What makes economists so wary about Cain is his advocacy of one of the dumbest ideas on the monetary landscape — a return to the gold standard.
It integrates landscape ecology and landscape economics and conducts the landscape analysis in a three-dimensional space to provide ecologically meaningful quantitative landscape indicators that are used as variables for the monetary valuation of landscape in a stated preferences study.
Our methodology is applied to value, in monetary terms, the landscape of the Sorrento Peninsula in Italy, an area that has faced increasing pressure from urbanisation affecting its traditional horticultural, herbaceous, and arboreal structure, with loss of biodiversity, and an increasing risk of landslides.
Few studies have tried to make a monetary quantification of the landscape damage caused by high voltage transmission power lines.
RBS said on Thursday: "As set out in the risk disclosures in RBS's annual report, there are a number of material uncertainties arising from the Scottish referendum vote which could have a bearing on the bank's credit ratings, and the fiscal, monetary, legal and regulatory landscape to which it is subject.
Lloyds is taking a more cautious approach than Edinburgh-based RBS, which said last month that a yes vote could "significantly impact the group's credit ratings and could also impact the fiscal, monetary, legal and regulatory landscape to which the group is subject".
Another pillar of the Scottish financial establishment, Royal Bank of Scotland, added to business community concerns over the 18 September referendum by warning that independence "would be likely to significantly impact the group's credit ratings and could also impact the fiscal, monetary, legal and regulatory landscape to which the group is subject".
The present study analyzes the relationship between landscape multi-functionality and social preferences toward Mediterranean landscapes in terms of monetary and non-monetary techniques.
Methods to calculate and determine the true monetary value of the species, landscapes and ecosystems and the essential services they provide to humankind – be it through regulating services, provisioning services or cultural services - offer one such solution.
In ecosystem services and landscape research, both monetary and non-monetary preference studies are applied to elicit values that people assign to landscapes.
The need to implement effective incentive systems for a sustainable management of landscape requires policy makers and stakeholders to understand the monetary values that communities attach to landscape and its characteristics.
