We speculate that the dipole moment changes of MUA ligands on a rod surface play a very important role in this nanoparticle based-sensing system.
The dipole moment changes of the chromophores T-1, T-2, and T-3 (μe − μg) are calculated as 13.07 D, 13.70 D, and 14.47 D, respectively [ 37].
The Lippert-Mataga equation (shown in Supplementary Material) is widely used to evaluate the dipole moment changes of the dyes with photoexcitation [ 33, 34]; the emission of the chromophores, especially, is strongly dependent on solvent polarity.
Also it has been estimated that an unusually large charge moment change of about 8000 C-km is required to initiate a daytime sprite at a 50-km altitude (Fernsler and Rowland, 1996).
The results obtained show that, for sprite occurrence in daytime conditions, a larger lightning charge moment change of the parent discharge is needed, and the sprites are lower than at night.
In the NSEEV model, the salience of the target is influenced by both static features (contrast of the item of interest and the environment; see Itti & Koch, 2000) and dynamic or motion features (moment-to-moment changes of static salience; see Loy, Xiang, & Gong, 2012; Yantis & Jonides, 1990).
Instead, we speculate that last-moment changes of mind, occurring after the epoch we decoded, were a more likely culprit.
The decoder is not given access to the data from shortly before movement onset, so any such last-moment changes of mind will necessarily be missed.
Rather, the lower performance of the decoder may reflect some additional complexity during free choices, such as last-moment changes of mind.
We have now added some clarification: "Rather, the lower performance of the decoder may reflect some additional complexity during free choices, such as last-moment changes of mind" (in the subsection headed "Free choices").
This is at variance with the methods for assay of [Ca2+]i based on fura 2-AM, which binds reversibly to Ca2+ and can reveal moment-to-moment changes of intracellular levels of this ion.
