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Scheltema [ 17] proposed a close relationship to molluscs based on the presence of the so calles "molluscan cross" organization of micromeres during spiral cleavage.
Prior to this, the chordate features of tunicates had not been described and, in fact, a century earlier the taxonomy of Carl Linnaeus placed C. intestinalis and other ascidians (see Glossary) within the molluscs, based on their adult form (Linné, 1767).
For instance, only 35% of tentatively identified molluscan control regions have been found to have palindromes and the average %AT content of these regions is in the range of 65-70%, close to the average genomic %AT content for molluscs (based on 9 molluscan genomes analyzed) [ 59].
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In his 1935 work Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde (Handbook of Systematic Malacology), Johannes Thiele introduced a mollusc taxonomy based upon the 1909 work by Cossmann and Peyrot.
We therefore propose that the model for male sexual drive in molluscs, which is currently mainly based on prostate gland size [ 25], needs to be extended.
Based on findings in vertebrates, molluscs and crustaceans (see [116] [118]), neuropeptides in insect interneurons are commonly considered to be released as co-transmitters together with classical transmitters or biogenic amines (see [2]).
An HKY model of nucleotide substitution was employed with a sequence divergence rate based on several different published rates for molluscs.
Phylogenetic analysis based on whole-genome sequences indicates that although molluscs and annelids (lophotrochozoans) are related to worms and flies within protostomes, their genomes in many aspects are more similar to those of invertebrate deuterostomes (Simakov et al. 2013).
Invertebrates appear to express a single NCX ortholog based upon analyses in arthropods (fruitfly [ 8]) and molluscs (squid [ 9]).
Molluscs were first categorized as having 'echinoderm-type' DNA methylation patterns based on experimental evidence using the common mussel (Mytilus edulis) [ 12].
While gene order is most similar to that of the brachiopod Terebratulina retusa, sequence based analyses of mitochondrial genes place nemerteans close to molluscs, phoronids and entoprocts without clear preference for one of these taxa as sister group.
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