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In either case, protein molecules, with their chemically varied side chains, are more powerful catalysts than RNA molecules; therefore, as time passed, cells arose in which RNA served primarily as genetic material, being directly replicated in each generation and inherited by all progeny cells in order to specify proteins.
Most glycodendrimers have to be considered highly flexible molecules with their conformational preferences most difficult to elucidate by experimental methods.
Structural studies over the last 10 years have provided a great deal of information regarding the complex interactions of these molecules with their receptors.
Yamamoto [8] and Zhang et al. [9] emphasized that in the inactivation of bacteria by the ZnO/UV process, the crucial role played hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide molecules with their ability to infiltrate through the cell wall.
Additionally, many alternative molecular scaffolds to mAbs have been investigated and developed in recent years, largely by the pursuit of much smaller (<20 kDa) targeting molecules with their putatively superior transport properties (Fig. 2b) [42b.
This undoubtedly challenging task involves considering structure activity relationships that govern the interaction of the starting molecules with their specific targets, and becomes most challenging when these targets are only slightly related or unrelated (i.e. when they belong to different protein families) [32].
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Similarly, imaging biomarkers (CT, PET, and MRI) and nonimaging biomarkers could also explore biophysical properties of virus and bio-molecules with their measurements in biological samples (e.g., plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, brain biopsy).
Analysis of two neighboring BDLP dimers shows that both the helical middle domain and GED run the full length of the extended molecule, making intimate contact with each other and, importantly, through a two-fold symmetry axis, making extensive contact in the neighboring molecule with their equivalent.
The resulting multilayer films are shown to exhibit either the "thin film" phase with standing molecules or the "single crystal" phase with molecules lying with their long molecular axes parallel to the substrate.
The properties of molecules correlate with their structures; for example, the water molecule is bent structurally and therefore has a dipole moment, whereas the carbon dioxide molecule is linear and has no dipole moment.
By X-ray diffraction, we show that the epitaxially oriented pentacene films crystallize either in the "thin film" phase with standing molecules or in the "single crystal" structure with molecules lying with their long axes parallel to the substrate.
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