Fork rate was calculated by measuring replication signals visualized following fluorescent detection of IdU and CldU on single DNA molecules which were spread on silanized microscope slides (Fig. 6A).
When an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray smashes into an air molecule in the upper atmosphere, it produces a spray of secondary particles, which spread like the blast of a shotgun as they travel down to the Earth's surface.
In Ma and Hu (2012), a system of functional molecules which cooperate to perform the various steps needed for (protocell) self-replication could spread without loosing diversity.
[ 50, 51] Integrins are important dimeric cell adhesion molecules, which can interact with extracellular matrix molecules and regulate cytoskeletal reorganization, motility, spreading and adhesion [ 52].
Removal of molecules which comprise Cr VI) anions is of particular importance since these compounds are widely-spread industrial pollutants and, at the same time, are very harmful for living organisms [6, 7].
The spreading between these two values is due to a large fraction of eGFP molecules which are not involved in FRET (58% of the total).
Small molecules are linked to form large molecules, which are in turn broken back down into small molecules.
In later work, Dr. Cram created large "prison" molecules, which completely enclose smaller molecules, like the bottles that house ship models.
This "self-acceleration" process is the result of interactions between copper ions and carbon monoxide molecules which open up the sponge-like structure as more molecules are captured.
They are nitro groups, not nitrogen dioxide molecules, which have the same elements but different properties.
