This might be interactions with other molecules or interactions with measuring devices.
If it focuses mostly on the behavior of atoms, molecules, or interactions at the molecular level, then CHEMISTRY.
Issues often encountered are related to unwanted changes in product physico-chemical stability, appearance, texture, flavour, taste and bioavailability due to inherited instability of the bioactive molecules or interactions with other ingredients.
It is worth noting that Fab-fragments of these antibodies retain the functional activity of whole molecules to induce the cell death, and thus the cross-linking of gangliosides on the cell surface by the whole antibody molecules (or interaction with immune cells or complement via Fc-fragments) is not essential for the induction of cell death [ 12, 26].
Collisional losses can occur either through dipole-dipole interactions between trapped Rydberg molecules or via interactions of the Rydberg molecules, with atoms and molecules in the trailing components of the gas pulse.
These cell-specific proteins are thought to represent a means by which exosomes can specifically target various recipient cells by either interaction with cell surface adhesion molecules or through interaction with cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
Most of these strategies use thiolated molecules or electrostatic interaction forces to bind to the gold surface.
The increase in dimension is achieved by different techniques such as multitag fluorescence imaging, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption / Ionization (MALDI) imaging or Raman imaging, which record for each pixel an N-dimensional intensity array, representing local abundances of molecules, residues or interaction patterns.
These may include intramolecular interactions between the domains of the protein molecule, or intermolecular interactions, either within the heterodimeric bHLH/E-protein complex, or more extensive protein protein interactions mediating the assembly of larger multimeric transcriptional complexes.
At the genotype level it has been used to find proteins, RNA or genes that have residues coevolving either with other residues in the same molecule (intra-molecule interactions) (Pollock et al., 1999; Yeang et al., 2007) or residues in other molecules (inter-molecule interactions, protein protein interactions) (Yeang, 2008).
Since post-translational modifications generally increase the actual MW of a protein by no more than 10 40% [17], blockage of those small proteins lower than 30 kDa in the plasma-only subproteome may involve mechanisms other than molecular weight, such as molecular charge, molecule shape, or interaction with other proteins.
