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In purple bacteria, the absorption of light initiates a vectorial e− transport in the RC electrons are transferred from the specially organized chlorophyll or bacteriochlorophyll type primary e− donor (P) through redox-active cofactor pigments to quinone (Q) acceptor molecules (for review, see, e.g. [14 16]).
This has led to the development of short cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) which are able to enter eukaryotic cells and carry bioactive molecules (for review see [1]).
This requires full assembly of the multireceptor signaling complex containing TLR4 and other accessory molecules (for review, see [ 2, 7]).
In the third step, activated leucocytes migrate to the borders of ECs to interact with ICAMs, endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecules, platelet EC adhesion molecules or vascular cell adhesion molecules (for review [ 48]).
FN is secreted as a disulfide-bonded dimer having three types of repeating modules (i.e. type I, II, and III repeats) that mediate interactions with cells, ECM components (including collagen [ 7]) and other FN molecules (for review see [ 8]).
Experimental studies, supporting the epidemiological evidence, established that acute hyperglycemia induces several additional proatherogenic mechanisms beside ED such as haemostatic alterations, platelet activation, increases of C-reactive protein, expression of adhesion molecules (for review see 11), as well as activation of NFkb[ 7].
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Arginine, besides being required for protein biosynthesis, has other versatile functions in the cell as a precursor of nitric oxide, agmatine, and polyamines and as a regulatory molecule (for review: [ 17]).
Also CD163, predominantly expressed on monocytes and macrophages [ 20], plays an important role in down-regulating inflammatory responses [ 21] while DMBT1 on macrophages functions as a pattern recognition molecule (for review see [ 22]).
A major breakthrough in our understanding of the regulation of osteoclastogenesis was achieved with the identification of OPG, a soluble protein of the TNF receptor family [ 50] that binds RANKL and acts as a decoy molecule (for review [ 6, 7, 51]).
For example, the methods used for pasteurization of donor milk can dramatically affect its content of SIgA and other bioactive molecules (for a review, see ref. 32).
It was recognized early on that water plays an important role in maintaining the conformation of native collagen molecules (for a review see Fraser and MacRae [73]).
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