Biological sugar molecules, for example, are right-handed.
The researchers found that when pulling on collagen molecules, for example, the force required as the molecules were extended did not rise in a smooth curve.
This may be because they fail to reach the part of the body where they are intended to work many molecules, for example, cannot cross from the bloodstream into the brain.
Rational design is one of the latest ways how to evaluate particular activity of signal molecules, for example cytokinin derivatives.
It is interesting to note how the small variations of D2O molecules (for example from 4 to 19 ppm) can affect the physical properties of the whole system.
This allows to measure: (a) interaction among molecules, for example proteins or a protein and a ligand and (b) distances between two sites in a macromolecule.
Coarse-grained models represent attractive approaches to analyze and simulate ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules, for example, for structure prediction and design, as they simplify the RNA structure to reduce the conformational search space.
Other molecules (for example, 2,4-dinitrophenol, cyanide or hydrogen peroxide) which are known to imbalance the intracellular NADH/NAD+ poise could also be detected using the REDOX PROP sensor circuitry.
The polyelectrolyte based capping layers are however cumbersome to deposit and alternative barrier layers offering enzymatic retention in the films as well as permeability to small molecules, for example the substrates of the embedded enzymes, are highly desired.
Many amino acids are used to synthesize other molecules, for example: Tryptophan is a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
"I see skin suffering from glycation [where sugar molecules attach themselves to other molecules, for example proteins and fats, causing ageing] as a result of a high sugar intake," she said.
