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Neither ATP nor ADP, being large charged molecules, can cross the membrane unaided, but ADP must enter and ATP must leave the mitochondrial matrix in order for ATP synthesis to continue.
Hemolymph flow through the mosquito heart occurs at velocities greater than 8 mm/sec, signifying that molecules can cross the length of the body in less than one second [3].
Thereby, the cell membrane is permeabilized and extracellular molecules can cross it.
Flux (J, expressed in mol m 2 s–1 or in kg m 2 s–1): represents how many molecules can cross a unit area (of cell wall, per example) per unit time.
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Glutaraldehyde and genipin cross-link amino groups of proteins; glutaraldehyde molecules can cross-link to each other and the chain building properties may have beneficial effects in comparison to genipin, which can only cross-link in pairs [ 33].
Of importance, rHIgM12 can be found in the brain and spinal cord after peripheral administration, indicating that this large molecule can cross the BBB.
Lipid-soluble molecules, however, can cross readily, while the transfer of large-molecular-weight molecules is limited.
These drugs are small molecules that can cross the blood-brain barrier.
Proto-cytoplasm cell:proto mitochondrion cell interactions, alternatively, would require mechanisms, e.g., protein transport molecules, that can cross lipid bilayers.
Prostaglandin E2 is a small lipid molecule which can cross the blood-brain barrier and stimulate the production of neurotransmitters by thermosensitive neurons in the vicinity of circumventricular organs.
One must consider that morphogens are so small molecules that they can cross a pore of this diameter without any problem.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com