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Biological molecules are subject to random fluctuations in the rates of their synthesis, distribution, activity and decay [1] [4].
We show that all classical and nonclassical MHCII molecules are subject to polyubiquitination by a range of MARCH E3 ligases.
Second, the double-stranded segments in many miRNA precursor molecules are subject to RNA editing (adenosine to inosine) by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA.
Although both ends of at least some DNA molecules are subject to C-strand degradation in a given cell cycle (Wellinger et al. 1996), the leading strand and lagging strand telomeres are treated differently (Parenteau and Wellinger 2002).
Adding further complexity to the regulation of VSMCs is the fact that many receptors and intracellular signalling molecules are subject to PTMs (post-translational modifications), or the reversible addition of a small chemical group, which causes a change in activity or location of a signalling protein.
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Once inside the cell, these molecules are subjected to the action of highly specialized, large, elaborately folded molecules called enzymes.
The reason is that under the influence of the electric field of a charged object, the negatively charged electrons and positively charged nuclei within the atoms and molecules are subjected to forces in opposite directions.
Hence the enzyme molecules are subjected for a significant time to the denaturing conditions that are found at intermediate co-solvent concentrations.
In the electrostatic field, molecules are subjected to a torque τ, which is determined by the permanent dipole moment P and the electrostatic field E: τ=P×E.
Indeed, the range of maximal electric fields experiences by molecules within the excited ensemble during deceleration and trap loading, indicated by the think lines in Fig. 25(c), show that many molecules are subjected to fields beyond the Inglis-Teller limit.
Antigens from intracellular pathogens that bind MHC class I molecules are subjected to a sequence of events that include ubiquitination, degradation and transportation.
More suggestions(15)
pathways are subject
species are subject
genes are subject
atoms are subject
particles are subject
models are subject
sequences are subject
elements are subject
criminals are subject
molecules are subjected
molecules are huge
molecules are terminal
molecules are rare
molecules are paramagnetic
molecules are incorrigible
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