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Regeneration is difficult in the CNS due to the presence of inhibitory molecules and cellular heterogeneity.
We review the field of genetically encoded sensors for molecules and cellular events and their potential applicability to the study of nervous system disease.
An account of the main ECM molecules and cellular receptors with emphasis on integrins and its ligands was given, their effect on the induction of particular signal transduction pathways is also elucidated.
In contrast, deubiquitination inhibits the activation of signaling molecules, and cellular and viral DUBs play important roles in negative regulation of host innate immunity.
This review article summarizes current knowledge about the interactions between Mtb and macrophages, focusing on cellular fates of the Mtb-infected macrophages and the regulatory molecules and cellular pathways involved in those processes.
In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the interactions between Mtb and macrophages, focusing on cellular fates of the infected macrophages and the regulatory molecules and cellular pathways involved in those processes.
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However, the interpretation of data is occasionally complicated because of non-specific gene silence, so-called off-target effects, which results from unintended interactions between silence molecule and cellular components and inappropriate concentration of siRNA [ 27].
Their recognition by receptors of innate immunity suggests an evolutionary selection for proper differentiation of damaged molecules, cells and cellular debris from intact molecules or viable cells.
The transiently accumulated spectrin network functions as a cellular fence to restrict the diffusion of cell-adhesion molecules and a cellular sieve to constrict the invasive protrusions, thereby increasing the mechanical tension of the fusogenic synapse to promote cell membrane fusion.
It appears to act by modulating a number of cellular adhesion molecules, for example β1-integrin, and thus regulates the interactions between these molecules and other cellular and extracellular matrix proteins involved in the process of adhesion [ 26- 28].
We have also unraveled novel intracellular innate host defense activities including expulsion of whole bacteria from infected epithelial cells, a feat mediated by immune recognition molecules and the cellular trafficking system.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com