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High-energy electrons are produced in the environment of the explosion when gamma rays collide with air molecules (a process called the Compton effect).
In professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) or macrophages, exogenous antigens can be presented by MHC class I (MHCI) molecules, a process described as the cross-presentation pathway1,2.
It involves tagging defective or unneeded proteins with ubiquitin molecules — a process known as the "kiss of death" — marking them for destruction by the cell's protein-disposal unit, known as 26S proteasome.
Bassler was recognized for her "major role in the discovery that Earth's most ancient unicellular organisms communicate with one another via chemical signalling molecules," a process known as quorum sensing.
Some globulins, called euglobulins, are insoluble in water in the absence of salts; their insolubility is attributed to the mutual interaction of polar groups on the surface of adjacent molecules, a process that results in the formation of large aggregates of molecules.
In addition, heat shock protein 70 is able to transport antigenic peptides as cargo from the tumor cell cytoplasm across the membranes of antigen presenting cells and deliver them to major histocompatability class I molecules, a process known as "cross-presentation".
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ATP is able to power cellular processes by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule (a process called phosphorylation).
Available energy is contained in the bonds between the phosphates and is released when they are broken, which occurs through the addition of a water molecule (a process called hydrolysis).
Furthermore, in an animal model of SLE, mice immunized with human Ro/SSA developed autoimmunity not only towards this molecule but also towards other immunologically similar molecules in a process equivalent to epitope spreading [ 14].
When PEG's are attached to other molecules in a process known as pegylation, the body also ignores the attached molecules, thus providing an invisibility cloak to drugs that otherwise would be dismantled by the body's immune defenses or flushed out by the kidneys.
According to the current dogma, processed peptides from phagocytosed apoptotic cells would be directed to HLA class I molecules by a process known as cross-presentation and to HLA class II molecules by the classical pathway.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com