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The minimum molecular weight for a molecule to elicit a specific immune response is 10 kDa.[ 67] Due to its small molecular weight, nicotine itself is not immunogenic; in order to trigger an immune response, nicotine or a structurally similar hapten needs to be linked to a carrier protein,[ 68, 69] thus producing a conjugate vaccine.
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In this context, targeting mutant or hyperactivated molecules to elicit specific apoptosis of leukaemia cells would be a rational approach for more efficacious therapy and may even result in complete remission.
While most GPCRs are activated reversibly by small hydrophilic molecules to elicit cellular responses [ 9], PAR activation by endogenous proteinases involves the unmasking of an N-terminal 'tethered ligand' (TL) that remains attached to the receptor and cannot diffuse away [ 1- 7].
By contrast, instable molecules fail to elicit an immune response due to rapid T cell epitope destruction [15], [16].
Non-cytolytic mutant α-hemolysin molecules fail to elicit NLRP3-inflammasome signaling, demonstrating that the responses are not due to non-specific activation of this innate immune signaling system by bacterially derived proteins.
This model of asthma is a complex web of cells and cell signaling molecules interacting to elicit an inflammatory response (Fig. 1).
In this review, we discuss general mechanisms underlying collateral sensitivity and focus on small molecules reported to elicit increased toxicity in cells overexpressing one of the three major multidrug transporters.
Even a single pheromone molecule is enough to elicit impulses at the olfactory neuron [ 20, 21].
The structural details of how this molecule is able to elicit differential inhibition of MK2 and ATF2 were not disclosed or not known.
Decreased expression of E-cadherin (E-CD), a homotypic intercellular adhesion molecule, is considered to elicit detachment of tumour cells from primary lesions, which is the first stage of metastasis.
Optimum plasma residence of molecules is essential to elicit pharmacological action.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com