N. kruczakiae is difficult to distinguish from N. africana, N. nova and N. veterana by phenotyping [2] but can be identified by molecular technique even when the samples available are very small and patients have undergone treatment with antibiotics [7, 10].
However, the diagnosis would have been unrecognized without molecular techniques, and even those techniques posed a problem.
Our results show that the analysis of specific pathogens, even using molecular techniques, is much less effective than panbacterial real-time PCR, and could even be misleading.
Many species have now had their genomes sequenced, and molecular techniques allow genetic inspection of even non-model organisms.
The issue is further complicated by the rapid advances in molecular techniques that allow identification of even the smallest metastatic deposits down to single isolated tumour cells.
Our experience demonstrates that POC laboratory implementation reduces the time necessary to obtain the results in all cases, even when the molecular techniques are not performed at the POC level.
Even with advanced molecular techniques, there should continue to be a balance when designing sampling programs.
Even though LPAs, and other molecular techniques are very accurate and rapid in detecting mutations, they are intrinsically limited to known mutations in drug targets.
This is because tracking wild individuals over their lifetime to record survival and acquiring their pedigrees are very laborious tasks even with modern tracking and molecular techniques.
Even in the early 21st century, when sophisticated molecular techniques were available for biological study, fundamental features of the gland including the extent of the effects of its principal hormone, melatonin remained incompletely understood.
