During the last decade, advances in molecular biology have revealed an increasing number of potential molecular targets, including peptide receptors and peptide-related biomolecules.
As can be seen in Fig. 3, the natural products in NPCARE are distributed among the diverse molecular targets including 58 classes of proteins that have served as the receptor models in the development of anticancer medicines.
The biological effects of trans-R in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines can be attributed to a variety of specific molecular targets, including estrogen and androgen receptors [15].
Pemetrexed (Alimta; Eli Lilly and Co, Indianapolis, IN) is a novel antifolate/antimetabolite with activity in breast cancer and has well-defined molecular targets, including thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase.
Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) is an extremely reactive oxygen species in biological systems, and can react with a wide variety of molecular targets including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, eventually resulting in mitochondria dysfunction and cell death.
Our current study results show that the improvement in cardiac function in CLP-1+/− mice after ischemia reperfusion injury is achieved through the potentiation of redox signaling and their molecular targets including redox effector factor-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor, and NADPH oxidase 4 and the active usage of thioredoxin-1, thioredoxin-2, glutaredoxin-1 and glutaredoxin-2.
S100A6 plays an important role in cytoskeletal reorganization, invasion, survival and proliferation by regulating functions of several molecular targets, including p53, β-catenin, annexins, tropomyosin, calponin, calcyclin-binding protein/Siah-1-interacting protein (CacyBP/SIP), and Hsp90/Hsp70-organizing Hsp90/Hsp70-organizing].
Myricetin appears to have several molecular targets, including thioredoxin reductase [54], mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK1 [55], enzymes involved in the redox metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [56], DNA and RNA polymerases, and in some instances topoisomerases [52], and the present study adds APE1 to this list.
Oxysterols may interact with various molecular targets, including liver X receptors-α and β [3], estrogen receptors α and β [3], [4] cytoplasmic oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) [5], OSBP-related proteins (ORPs) [6] or insulin-induced gene (Insig) proteins [3], [7].
Sunitinib and sorafenib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with novel molecular targets, including VEGFR-1.
