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Whether C. preissii, M. nipponense, P. elegans and P. tarda exhibit taxonomically significant geographic variation and/ or comprise cryptic species should be reviewed with additional morphological, as well as population genetic and molecular systematic studies with multi-locus genes.
However, the majority of molecular systematic studies indicate that Oomycota is either the sole outgroup of the photosynthetic stramenopiles or that this taxon is part of a larger heterotrophic stramenopile lineage that constitutes the closest living relative of Ochrophyta [e.g. 2], [3], [8], [10], [11], [14].
However, this unexpected grouping of both taxa has recently continuously been revealed by molecular systematic studies.
Paraphyly or even polyphyly of Pulmonata was recovered by molecular systematic studies [ 14, 19, 36].
To date, no further molecular systematic studies have attempted to address these issues.
Molecular systematic studies confirmed the existence of seven Maculinea species, most of them with several subspecies [ 16].
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The earliest molecular systematic study of all species of Amphiuma, based on allozymes, found the gigantic species, A. means and A. tridactylum, to be closely related (Nei's D = 0.12), whereas, A. pholeter is very divergent (Nei's D = 0.90 from A. means and 0.73 from A. tridactylum) and represented an "ancient evolutionary offshoot" [23].
A recent extensive molecular systematic study, looking at mitochondrial COI and several nuclear genes, used different phylogenetic and DNA barcoding methods to assess this complex.
As the first molecular systematic study and phylogenetic analysis of Agalinis, this research contributes toward understanding of relationships among taxa in the genus.
Since Petrocosmea was describecd [ 11], no molecular systematic study has focused on the phylogeny of Petrocosmea except for a few species that have been sampled in molecular phylogenetics at higher ranks in Gesneriaceae [ 12– 15].
With the advancement of molecular technology, DNA markers have now become a convenient means for species identification and molecular systematic study [ 9- 11] and many DNA markers have in fact been patented for further development [ 12].
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