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Thus, the LRRK2 Roc domain is likely to serve as a molecular switch, regulating kinase activity by cycling between GDP-bound and GTP-bound states (6– 17).
The nucleotide binding and amino-terminal domains contain a nucleotide-binding site and may act as a molecular switch, regulating specific downstream pathways.
Furthermore, if αC helix alignment is the molecular switch regulating the divergent outcomes observed between the two inactive conformation-stabilizing ligand classes, then active conformation-selective, αC helix-in ligands should behave similarly to that of DFG-out ligands.
Research over the last 25 years and originating from different perspectives related to the pollination process led to the broadly accepted view that RAC/ROPs located at the pollen tube apical membrane (Fig. 1B) represent a major molecular switch regulating the tip growth process.
The diverse, even opposing, effects of ERK on cell behavior have been reviewed in recent years, and ERK usually has crosstalk with p53 signaling in aspects of cell autophagy and apoptosis, whereas Ras protein is best known for its ability to serve as a molecular switch regulating cell growth, differentiation and survival.
They belong to a recently identified miR-23b cluster shown to be a molecular switch regulating TGFྞ response of liver stem cells during their differentiation [ 40], and also to be regulated by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in mesenchymal stem cells differentiating into adipocytes [ 41].
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To date, the molecular switches regulating the state of cellular differentiation of an infected cell and ACE2 expression have not been studied properly.
However, several transcription factors, including serum response factor (SRF), myocardin, myocardin related transcription factors (MRTFs) and members of the Krüppel-like zinc finger family (KLF) have been suggested to act as molecular switches regulating VSMC differentiation [2], [3].
These proteins function as molecular switches, regulating cell proliferation and differentiation and cell survival and modulating cellular metabolism.
By cycling between an inactive, GDP-bound and an active, GTP-bound conformation, they act as nucleotide-dependent molecular switches regulating cellular functions including growth, polarity and differentiation (Vetter and Wittinghofer, 2001; Cox and Der, 2010).
10.7554/eLife.00780.014 Figure 7. Minor introns are embedded molecular switches regulated by U6atac abundance.
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