Similar to TLRs, complement is also activated by pathogen associated molecular patterns, including LPS, among many other mechanisms involved in classical, lectin and alternative activation pathways [12,13].
Pattern-recognition receptors recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin, and binding to ligand, either on the cell surface or inside the phagosome, can affect phagosome maturation, signalling and gene expression (reviewed in Kumar et al., 2009).
The modulation of TLR-2 signaling activated by damage-associated molecular patterns, including 29-kDa FN-f, is a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of cartilage degradation in OA.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in innate immunity by recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns including lipoproteins, lipopeptides, lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, dsRNA, ssRNA and CpG DNA motifs (Akira and Takeda 2004; West et al. 2006).
MCP-1 upregulation is triggered by activation of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), which recognize pathogens or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (including damaged cell products).
TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released upon tissue injury [ 13].
Inflammasomes are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including viral DNA (Rathinam et al, 2010) and RNA (Poeck et al, 2010), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) including extracellular ATP (Mariathasan et al, 2006) and reactive oxygen species (ROS; Dostert et al, 2008; Zhou et al, 2011).
PRRs also recognize endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including alarmins released during microbial invasion, initiation of autoimmune inflammation or tumor growth.
The mRNA expression profiles of CfHMGB1 in haemocytes after the stimulation with different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and glucan (Glu), were similar with an up-regulation in the early stage and then recovered to the original level.
TLRs comprise a family of PRRs that can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double stranded RNA (dsRNA), and unmethylated CpG-containing DNA.
TRL2 is able to recognize various different pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including lipoproteins, lipoteichoic acid, and peptidoglycan.
