During RNA virus infection, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) and uncapped transcripts generated during replication can serve as pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognized by innate immune receptors [1], [2].
The molecular patterns recognized by intelectin include furanosides such as galactofuranose and galactofuranosyl residues that are present in bacterial and fungal cell walls and in protozoan parasites, but not in mammalian cells.
The recognition by plants of a very well conserved epitope in family-11 xylanases would agree with the idea that pathogen associated molecular patterns recognized by the plant immune system should be, in principle, conserved microbial features [ 24].
Here TNF-α, which emerged from a response to a viral pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognized by the TLR3, was most probably produced by Kupffer cells as their previous chemical depletion prevented the development of hepatitis in poly I C challenged Ripk1LPC-KO mice.
During an immune response, the balance between IL-12 and IL-23 can depend on the nature of the pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognized by, for example TLR2, leading to a preferential production of IL-23.
The balance between the three IL-12 cytokine family members during the course of an immune response is dependent on the nature of the pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognized [15], [16], [17].
Pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognized and bound by defense collagens, such as C1q, leads to rapid containment of infection via complement activation [ 25].
One motif of the bacterial flagellum (flg22) is a microbial-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) recognized by a transmembrane pattern-recognition receptor (FLS2) leading to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) [ 31].
On the other hand, increased [Ca2+]cyt triggered by Nacetylchito-oligosaccharides, a major microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) recognized by plasma membrane receptors in rice [ 23, 24], was not affected by OsMCA1 expression levels.
CRT exposed on the cell surface of pre-apoptotic cells is a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) recognized by dendritic cells as the green light for phagocytosis [ 18] and consequently is considered to be a marker of immunogenic cell death [ 19].
