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The field of modern molecular evolution provides powerful tools for us to study the relationships between the functional changes of proteins and the rates of nucleotide and amino acid substitution [5], [6].
In this theory, epistasis as the primary factor in molecular evolution, provides the primary conceptual framework to describe the tempo and mode of long-term protein evolution [ 46, 47].
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Rather than toppling evolutionary theory by finding irreducibly complex molecular machines, eye evolution provides detailed accounts of how natural processes tinker with existing genetic components, duplicating and recombining them, to yield complex, intricate, and highly functional eyes.
This expanded understanding of the molecular aspects of evolution provides novel insights into the mechanism for rapid evolutionary events.
The explicit molecular phylogeny provides a valuable framework for future research in genome evolution, adaptation and speciation of cyprinids.
This molecular phylogeny provides a framework for mechanistic studies in developmental biology, evolution, behavior, and ecology.
However, a more detailed consideration of patterns at the two X-linked markers (i.e. the IGS SNP which defines the M- and S-forms and the SINE-X insertion) from a molecular evolution perspective provides some support for the secondary contact hypothesis.
It seems to be readily interpretable in terms of the covarion model of molecular evolution, and provides the molecular-evolutionary underpinning of Vavilov's law of homologous series.
Genomic variation within the core genome is useful for investigating molecular evolution and providing candidate genes for bacterial genome typing.
Protein evolution provides an analogy.
It is a preferred and reliable method for demonstrating how viruses are related through molecular evolution as it provides and relies on the primary sequence data [15], [16], [17], [18].
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