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2. At what altitude does molecular diffusion become more important than turbulent diffusion as a mechanism for atmospheric transport?
In a microspace, viscous force, surface tension, conduction heat transfer, and molecular diffusion become dominant.
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At the turbopause the eddy diffusion drops off suddenly and the molecular diffusion becomes prevalent above this height.
Therefore, considering mechanisms such as molecular diffusion becomes important.
Pore diffusion and boundary layer diffusion become relevant at high temperatures.
When r < 10 nm, Knudsen diffusion and surface diffusion become the main transport mechanisms.
The layers become thinner with time, and molecular diffusion finishes the mixing process once the layers are sufficiently thin.
Molecular diffusion of the VOCs within the aqueous phase became then the limiting factor for mass transfer from air to water.
It becomes important only above about 100 km altitude ( See Role of molecular diffusion in atmospheric transport ).
In addition, when a material is mesoporous (2 nm < pore radii < 50 nm), the gas transport occurs by molecular diffusion, whereas if the material is microporous (pore radii < 1 nm), the gas transport becomes a surface diffusion.
There exists a threshold correlation length value wherein heterogeneity becomes favorable for improved oil recovery instead of hampering oil recovery, after taking into account of the molecular diffusion, which is approximately 1500 ft in this simulation study.
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