Sentence examples for molecular clock studies from inspiring English sources

In molecular clock studies, choice of fossil calibration is critical but will not be discussed further here (see Steiper and Young [2008] for a review).

The deep divergence model is supported by a majority of molecular clock studies, but is challenged by the paucity of bilaterian fossils before and during the Ediacaran Period.

Molecular clock studies that suggested that divergence in the A-genome wild rice genepool occurred prior to domestication gave further weight to the opinion that rice had a dual origin.

A close relationship between Redlichiid fauna and the margins of the Mawson Ocean and the Olenellid fauna with the margins of the Mirovian Ocean suggests that the eutrilobites originated and diversified prior to ~565 million years ago in accordance with some molecular clock studies of extant organisms.

Furthermore, there is additional evidence from molecular clock studies and paleobiogeography that many of the taxa that first appear as distinct fossils in the Cambrian have roots that extend well back (tens of millions of years back) into the pre-Cambrian (Knoll and Carroll 1999; Lieberman 2003).

Their evolutionary history is uncertain since their fossil record is patchy and molecular clock studies have given inconsistent results.

A molecular clock study of prokaryote and eukaryote genomes [ 35] arrived at a similar date (1840 ± 200 Ma) for the symbiotic event leading to the mitochondrion, using different data, methods, and approach.

Thus, we undertook a molecular clock study analysing the alignments of 14 632 orthologous genes (20.6 million nucleotides) of dos Reis et al. [ 3] to estimate the age of Placentalia.

This is not the first molecular clock study to include both plants and fungi, but it is the first such study with sufficiently detailed taxon sampling to directly compare the relative ages of the nodes that are critical for reconstructing the evolution of ECM associations among the Agaricomycetes.

A third calibration point, the divergence of deuterostomes (vertebrates) and arthropods based on a molecular clock study using 50 proteins and calibrated with the vertebrate fossil record (993 Ma) [ 33], was used in some analyses and tested (with the arthropod fossil record and by substituting vertebrates with a tunicate, Ciona intestinalis) in others (see below).

Since most studies on molecular clocks studied mRNA and because protein determination with Western blot was extremely time-consuming (preliminary studies), we used quantitative PCR to detect levels of molecular clock mRNA.