Sentence examples for molecular clock on from inspiring English sources

Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged, but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend.

To evaluate the extent to which error in rate estimation could erroneously suggest rate variation among lineages, we examined rate variation estimated for datasets simulated under a molecular clock on trees with equal and variable branch lengths.

Ultrametric trees were obtained by enforcing a molecular clock on the inferred genealogy, and re-estimating the branch lengths and substitution parameters with maximum likelihood with the previously selected evolutionary model.

To address this hypothesis, HIV-1 rate of evolution was investigated by enforcing a local molecular clock on the trees in Figures 2A and 2B for viruses derived from normal and tumor tissues, respectively, and a baseline clock for the remaining part of the tree.

Calibrating a molecular clock on the fossil evidence, the observed genetic divergence between the two white rhino taxa suggests their separation for at least 1 1.4 million years if Hooijer's [49] date for the separation of the two genera is correct, and 0.75 1 million years if Geraads' [44] date is more correct.

This approach accounts for major discrepancies from the possible time dependency of the molecular clock on recent evolutionary time scales [ 32].

From analyses of fossil records and the use of molecular clocks on phylogenies it appears that the extant fungal phyla most likely diverged about one billion years ago [ 8- 12].

However, one important shortcoming of this approach is that the placement of the different local molecular clocks on the tree is left to the user's discretion.

While the AHRS algorithm makes it possible to place the local molecular clocks on a phylogeny, the number of clocks is still left to users' discretion the first "difficulty" highlighted above.

Applying carefully calibrated molecular clocks on broad extant taxon sets and reconstructing characters on dated ancient lineages are indispensable for interpretation of enigmatic key fossils such as Halkieria or Nectocaris that may form part of the early evolutionary history of the group (e.g., [ 24– 24]).

Collectively, all the above conclusions indicate that the modern molecular clock relied on uncorrelated model is applicable for our present study on the gymnosperm plants.