Where feasible, we used molecular clock estimates to date the ages of the respective lineages.
Molecular clock estimates place the first lissamphibian in the Late Carboniferous, but the first member of Batrachia (frogs and salamanders, but not caecilians) is estimated to have appeared in the Middle Permian using the same technique.
Information regarding orogeny was derived from independent sources [16], [17], [18]; however, synonymizing molecular clock estimates with geologic estimates remains contentious.
The divergence of the B.Br.CNEVA and B.Br.Kruger sub-lineages are similar in molecular clock estimates to the A radiation and, again, could represent human influences on this pathogen.
The latter cases are, however, considered evolutionary unlikely based on molecular clock estimates [ 53] of Pontohedyle.
While their fossil remains extend back to 600 mya [ 3], molecular clock estimates place the origin of fungi at or before 1.5 bya [ 4].
More recently, several molecular clock estimates based on angiosperm wide phylogenies suggested a stem age for the family ranging from 91 to 120 Ma [ 38- 41].
Uncertain homology arising from hypervariability or heteroplasmy in non-protein coding mitochondrial control region could confound measures of molecular clock estimates [ 77, 78], so we did not estimate divergence time for that locus.
Hence, it is evidently incorrect to impose a single substitution to AIV sampled from hosts as diverse as wild birds and poultry, and that molecular clock estimates based on a single rate may be erroneous.
The molecular clock estimates cannot be used to precisely describe events that occurred thousands, or even tens of thousands of years ago, since sequence data only exist from the last few decades.
