This is also the first set of experiments to probe memory at all levels, from molecular changes through altered patterns of nerve-cell firing to impaired learning.
By erasing the ability to remember from the mice's brains, a feat described in a series of papers in today's issue of the journal Cell and in a recent issue of Science, biologists are learning how molecular changes affect the patterns of electrical activity that memories are made of.
These subtypes are defined by distinct gene expression patterns, molecular changes and potentially distinct developmental cell types of origin adding up to observed differences in outcome and responses to therapy.
Eggermann, T. et al. Imprinting disorders: a group of congenital disorders with overlapping patterns of molecular changes affecting imprinted loci.
Based on clustering techniques, it has been possible to subdivide tumours into groups showing distinct patterns of molecular changes.
As mentioned before, high-throughput gene expression analyses have frequently been used to identify patterns of molecular changes that occur following exposure.
Recently, high-throughput gene expression analyses have been performed to identify patterns of molecular changes following exposure of the skin to irradiation.
Based on clustering techniques, it was possible to identify highly consistent changes in gene expression with treatment, which allowed tumours to be subdivided into groups showing distinct patterns of molecular changes.
YAC128 and other HD mouse models faithfully recapitulate the pattern of molecular changes observed in human postmortem caudate tissue from individuals with HD using high-throughput mRNA expression profiling (Hodges et al., 2006; Kuhn et al., 2007).
The patterns of identified molecular changes are dependent on the species [ 14], joint [ 15], location within the joint [ 16] and stage of the disease process [ 17, 18] although broad similarities in patterns of differential gene expression in end-stage OA are observed between species [ 14].
Furthermore, apart from the frequent clonal TCR rearrangements seen in PTCL-NOS, other molecular changes vary and display no consistent pattern.
