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The occurrence of such sexual plasticity in clonal and colonial Anthozoa has led to questions regarding the possibility of fertilization within a clone i.e. "self-fertilization". Indeed, "selfing" has been reported to occur in several hermaphroditic colonial coral species in both field experiments and molecular based studies [35] [37].
In general, our results confirm recent molecular based studies of lacertid phylogeny, including their sister relationship with amphisbaenians.
Most of molecular based studies have mainly been confined to the genetics of European and North American populations excluding populations from developing countries.
In many aspects the topology of this tree agrees with previous molecular based studies of lice [ 24- 27], and differences involve only weakly supported nodes in these prior studies.
In conclusion, none of the recent molecular based studies (mitochondrial genomes, EST approaches) found support for a relationship between Nemertea and Platyhelmithes, but the sister group to Nemertea remains an open question with more evidence for the candidates Mollusca, Phoronida, Entoprocta, Brachiopoda and less evidence for Annelida.
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Tissue culture, transformation and molecular marker based studies were conducted to improve the plant material.
Molecular data based studies estimates suggest a ~115 My split for primates-rodents divergence [ 20] and a ~130 My split for paleo-neognathae birds [ 21, 22].
As a positive control for molecular beacon based studies, we have quantified the changes in Oct-4 mRNA level 4 days after RA treatment in P19 cells.
Molecular structure based study of liquid molar volume can be helpful in better understanding of liquid behaviors among a wide variety of scientific phenomena.
Fungal distributional patterns can be complicated by the fact that cryptic species and polyphyly often are revealed in molecular based fungal studies.
The focus is broad, ranging from the search for novel pathogens using advanced molecular techniques to longitudinal population based studies to define transmission dynamics and spectrum of disease and survival.
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