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Practical design equations were also derived for the time-temperature dependent (i) shear modulus, (ii) creep coefficient, and (iii) shear modulus reduction factor.
The proposed model provided a good fit to the experimental creep curves, and was used to derive a set of practical design equations for the time-temperature dependent (i) flexural modulus, (ii) creep coefficient, and (iii) flexural modulus reduction factor.
By introducing an elastic modulus reduction factor and a yield strength reduction factor, the feasibility of some equations provided by Eurocode EN 1993-1-2, CIDECT and API RP 2A WSD for calculating the static strength of the specimens at elevated temperature are evaluated based on the experimental results.
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Improved equations were developed to predict the yield strength and elastic modulus reduction factors and stress strain curves of a range of cold-formed steel grades and thicknesses used in Australia.
However, these factors considerably affect the shear modulus reduction of saturated Nanjing sand in the reversal contractive stage.
The hardening part of the model is defined by the reduced modulus, ( gamma E_{text{s}} ) where ( gamma ) is a reduction factor.
As can be seen, the foundation flexibility with a reduction factor of 10 and 20% for deformation modulus and allowable bearing capacity of domain parts has significantly affected the dam response.
For these cases, it is recommended to calculate the joint strength reduction factor at elevated temperatures according to the Young's modulus of steel.
The expression denotes the influence of two key parameters on the hoop strain reduction factor (k ε,f ) namely; the compressive strength of unconfined concrete (( f_{co}^ )) and elastic modulus of confining fibers (E f ).
Response reduction factor.
Stiffness reduction factor.
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