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With regard to the impact of confinement on the elastic modulus of soft materials, there is no agreement.
We have developed a device entitled the 'Tissue Elastometer' (TE) for evaluating the Young's modulus of soft tissues.
A degradation model for the shear modulus of soft clays that considers the effects of the number of cycles, the cyclic stress ratio, the loading frequency and the plasticity index is proposed.
MRE has the potential to estimate the strain-varying shear modulus of soft tissues, if applied at different static strains, which may allow prediction of the large-strain behaviour of tissues.
Yang [ 16] believes that the elasticity modulus of soft tissue is affected by the ratio of collagen fibers and elastic fibers, with a higher proportion of collagen fibers correlating with a tissue higher firmness.
The elastic modulus of soft, healthy tissues, such as adipose, muscle, and liver ranges from 1 to 34 kPa [ 55, 56], whereas, the elastic modulus of some common types of cancerous tumors has been measured between 112 kPa [ 54] and 638 kPa [ 56].
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It seems that the determination of the Young's modulus of very soft films cannot be separated from the determination of the yield stress.
Upon solvent casting, GnPs did not perform better than the other model fillers in increasing the elastic modulus of the soft bio-polyester.
Upon hot-pressing however, large (>300 nm) multi-layer GnPs (≥8 layers) more than doubled the elastic modulus of the soft bio-polyester matrix compared to other GnPs and fillers.
With the use of ultrafast ultrasound tracking techniques, the speed of the shear wave propagation is measured and the stiffness (elastic modulus) of the soft tissue is obtained.
Therefore, convergence-confinement, stiffness reduction, disk calculation and hypothetical modulus of elasticity (HME) soft lining approaches have been employed in the numerical analysis.
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