An inverse method coupled with a numerical indentation modelling (FEM) of tensile or compressive W thin film deposited on Si substrate ratify this interpretation and confirm the dependence of the Young's modulus determined by nanoindentation tests on the equibiaxial residual stress.
On the scale observed by X-ray diffraction the inclusion of branching has little effect whereas annealing increases the sinuosity of the chains and hence reduces the apparent chain modulus determined by X-ray measurements on samples under stress.
The elastic modulus was computed by means of the Oliver and Pharr method and compared with the values determined by means of the method earlier advanced by Marshall et al. The results obtained indicate that the elastic modulus values determined on the cross section of the coatings are higher than those obtained on the surface, clearly indicating the anisotropy of the structure.
The storage modulus (E') and the loss modulus (E") were calculated from: (5) (6) The storage modulus of articular cartilage, E', increased with increasing frequency, f. Figure 2 shows the storage modulus determined at frequencies of up to 92 Hz.
Biomechanical parameters for comparison are ultimate force, ultimate stress, strain at failure, and elastic modulus (determined from the microstructural model).
The tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus and tear strength were determined on a Universal Testing Machine (Instron 3367, USA) with the crosshead speed of 500 mm/min.
This expression for Young's modulus was then plotted against strain and the Young's modulus was determined as the maximum value on the curve.
In the case of the complex shear modulus, it was determined based on the complex Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio characterisation of [45/−45] laminate.
d Young's modulus is determined by subtraction of curves recorded on hard (Si sheet) and soft surfaces (CaSki and CRL2614 cells).
The deformation modulus was determined by pressuremeter tests, the possible effects of variables on the derived deformation modulus from the pressuremeter test were evaluated by numerical methods, and the comparisons between the deformation modulus of the greywackes obtained from the pressuremeter tests and their geomechanical quality (GSI and RMR) were made.
