Two primary properties of any metal are (1) its yield strength, defined as its ability to resist permanent deformation (such as a fender dent), and (2) its elastic modulus, defined as its ability to resist elastic or springy deflection like a drum head.
The observed maximum stress, strain and toughness modulus, defined as the area under the stress strain curve, are 69.4 MPa, 17.4% and 0.72 MJ/m3, respectively, and are compatible with the required jumping performances.
In the tissue localized to the defects of the untreated control group, the tangent modulus (defined as the slope of the curve at 5% strain) was significantly lower than that for normal cartilage at a compression rate of either 4 μm/s (Fig. 5a) or 100 μm/s (Fig. 5b), regardless of skeletal maturity of the pigs.
Here, R is the AFM tip radius, and E * is the effective Young's modulus defined as E * = [(1 − ν 1)/E 1 + (1 − ν2)/E 2]−1, where E i and ν i indicate the Young's modulus and the Poisson's ratio for AFM tip (i = 1) or nanowire (i = 2), respectively.
Evaluation was aimed at 6-nm-thick and 10-nm-thick diamond-like carbon (DLC) films deposited, using different methods, on a hard disk for the effective Young's modulus defined as E/(1 - ν2), where E is the Young's modulus, and ν is the Poisson's ratio.
A strain-controlled rheometer measures the elastic modulus, G' (defined as the propensity of the polymers to rebound after shear deformation), and the viscous modulus, G" (defined by how much the specimen can flow under stress), of the protein solutions following the onset of actin filament assembly.
Theoretically, the E′ ratio, defined as, R="E′max/E′min should be good parameter to evaluate bond development because it eliminates the variation in adherend modulus.
The anisotropy parameter which essentially indicates the degree of anisotropy is the square root of a modulus ratio defined as the ratio of circumferential modulus to radial modulus.
For the degree of restraint, the restraining materials modulus is defined as E f, and the modulus of the freshly casted concrete is E c.
The comprehensive elastic modulus is defined as an integrated interface parameter, and it has a good correlation with the macro properties like compressive strength and diffusion coefficient of Cl− of RAC.
Young's modulus is defined as "the ratio of stress to strain for uniaxial stress (Gidley et al. 1989)".
