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Chain-extension generated water soluble macromers with faster gelation rates, lower sol fractions, higher compressive moduli, and a wide-ranging degradation times when crosslinked into a hydrogel.
The physical gels exhibit frequency-dependent dynamic moduli and a loss factor above 0.1 due to the temporary nature of the hydrophobic associations in the presence of surfactant micelles.
Therefore, three polymer-based composite materials with different Young's moduli and a few functionally graded materials (FGMs) were used to construct the scaffolds in order to investigate the effect of structural stiffness on the healing process of fractured bones.
Shearing the gel produced a rapid drop in the dynamic shear moduli and a slower increase in orientation; up to a second rank orientation parameter of P2 = 0.26 for the highest concentration (38 wt%) diblock gel.
The sum of these effects results in higher moduli and a shift of the crossover (liquid-like to solid-like) frequency to lower values with increasing filler volume fraction.
Again, with a lower ρ x in the system, we observe a lower elastic moduli and a higher swelling ratio.
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The results showed that water uptake induces a decrease in the bending moduli and an increase in loss factors compared in term of ageing time.
The enzyme treatment induced mechanical changes in both the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus, with a decrease of the compressive moduli and an increase of the permeabilities (Table 2).
The major effects of porosity are, first, a reduction in the threshold stress needed for kink band formation, a reduction that stems mostly from concomitant reductions in the shear moduli; and, second, a reduction in the ultimate compressive stresses.
The sum of all these factors leads to gradual increase in moduli and to a shift of the crossover frequency to lower values.
Aizpuru et al. [33] have recently introduced a new concept of density by moduli and consequently obtained a new concept of non-matrix convergence, namely, f-statistical convergence which is, in fact, a generalization of the concept of statistical convergence and intermediate between the ordinary convergence and the statistical convergence.
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