The middle layer consists of a collection of software modules, called the operating system, that abstracts these hardware resources into a convenient application-programming interface.
The molecular map of a cell provides significant insights into the functional associations among macromolecular complexes that make up the operating modules of the cellular "factory".
Illustrations and diagrams of the operating modules are presented.
The optical modules of all currently operating neutrino telescopes contain one standard PMT with a large hemispherical photo-cathode.
It is shown that the separation factor for pervaporation is influenced by the product of four terms: vapour liquid equilibrium separation factor (αVLE), intrinsic membrane properties (E∗mem), effectiveness of the module (εbl) and the operating conditions (including feed concentration and permeate pressure).
The impact of converter parameters such as the sub-module ratio, the arm reactance and the sub-module capacitance on the operating zone is presented in detail.
Because of the modularity found in empirical gene networks, we can envision smaller networks as modules operating in the context of a larger organismal network; in this context, the "environment" of exogenous gene products that we consider below represents other interacting modules of the overall network.
Although the GNU Project produced many useful system utilities, it had less success in developing a kernel, or central module of an operating system, that did not rely on any of the proprietary code from UNIX.
In an elegant series of experiments looking at the combined loss and gained of IAA/ARF transcriptional complexes, Smet and coworkers concluded that two modules of transcriptional regulators operated sequentially [6], first IAA14/ARF7 and ARF19 followed by IAA12/ARF5.
In the same year, the last operating module of the International Space Station is retired and destroyed by atmospheric reentry following completion of the station's long-term mission.
