Previous studies on the evolution of PINs focus either on the individual protein level [ 11, 17- 27], interaction level [ 11, 14, 28- 30], functional module level [ 9, 15, 31- 37] or the whole network level [ 2- 8, 10, 13, 16].
The reported TOF resolution (improved by using shorter crystals) at low count rates at the module level is ∼410 ps [43].
According to the latest survey, 90% of the photovoltaic products in the world market are based on first-generation crystalline (monocrystalline and polycrystalline) silicon (Si) wafers with power conversion efficiency (PCE) between 15 and 20% on the module level of 1.6 m2 [3].
Five basic module types (level 0 modules) were defined that include promoters, 5' untranslated regions, signal peptides, coding sequences, and terminators.
In contrast to the level 0 modules, the level 1 destination vectors confer ampicillin resistance, allowing efficient counter selection against level 0 module backbones.
This cell architecture is designed for multi-wire interconnection and has the potential to deliver low cost of ownership at module level (< 0.30 $/Wp), as it can profit from bifacial gain, a low cost metallization (~ 0.07 $/cell) and reduced shadowing and recombination losses.
It is believed that protein complexes are the building blocks of the cellular machinery and protein protein interaction (PPI) networks evolve at module level [ 1].
We defined the total expression of all modules in Kth level at time t as the portion of living cells arrived at state k at time t: (3) The gene expression of modules in level 1 decreases dramatically at the beginning of the reprogramming, as the reprogramming factors inhibit the expression of somatic genes.
An assembled transcription unit represents a module again, albeit one of a higher order (level 1 module), which can be directionally assembled into a multigene construct (level 2) (Fig. 1A).
So a level 1 module for position 1 can be reused later at a virtual position "8" (Fig. 4B).
The upstream fusion site of each level 2 destination vector is compatible with the upstream site of a corresponding level 1 module (for example TGCC in pL2-1).
