But in contrast to Newman's measures, Q H can become significantly negative, more so if the number of modules is small.
Indeed, the inherent bias in Newman's measure for modules whose member nodes are strongly connected to each other leads to an underestimate of the modularity for strongly connected modular graphs, and an equally underestimated antimodularity for multipartite graphs, as compared to the measure Q H, when the number of modules is small.
Pathway modules in KEGG MODULE are smaller pieces of subpathways, manually defined as consecutive reaction steps, operon or other regulatory units, and phylogenetic units obtained by genome comparisons.
The 100-μm modules were small enough (i.e.,the penetration into the gel matrix by the focal plane of the microscope was sufficient) to allow complete interrogation of every cell when using two photon laser (penetration depth around 150 μm), but only the first three layer of cells in the module were visible when using a conventional laser.
The groups receiving each of the three treatment modules are small.
Advantages of embedded power electronics compared to classical soldered and bonded DCB modules are smaller size, less weight, and cost savings (Hofmann et al., 2012) [1].
The EDI values of genes in these modules were smaller than those of genes with different functions.
While the resulting networks and modules are smaller and less comprehensive compared to our interactions data, the conservation trends for the GO-based modules are similar to the modules based on interaction data (Additional File 9).
In the experiment, calculation cost of this module is very small in comparison to those of main re-plan modules B and C.
If a DG category (A_cdot ) is small, then modules over (A_cdot ) form a category; denote it by (C_cdot (A_cdot )).
